Thomas Gergen: Regionalsprachen in Frankreich: Zersplitterung der einheitlichen Republik?

The two first articles of the French Constitution declare that the French concept of State creates a connection between the unity of State and language in order to strengthen social life. Our study sheds light on the way how regional languages and lesser used languages have been treated in French history until today. Since the "Ordonnance sur le fait de la justice" from Villers-Cotterets, published in 1539 under François Ier, the French language is the symbol for national unity and predominant in justice, administration and government.

France seems to keep being one of the most famous examples for the monolinguism because the French language remains the one and only official language.

Key words

French constitution; Lesser used languages; Regional languages; "Ordonnance sur le fait de la justice" (Villers-Cotterets, 1539).

Sebastian Krafzik: Licet iuris – Gefecht um die Macht zwischen Kaiser und Papst

The political episode of the Middle Ages was marked by the tension between papacy and empire. In the dispute about the supremacy of institutions, there was a particularly sharp conflict about the inauguration. The apostolic Church claimed for itself to confirm and to crown the emperor selected. The kingdom, however, wanted to absolve from this influence of the church. Emperor Louis IV had a particularly large share with this debate. With his decree licet iuris papal approval should now come to an end.

This paper provides a closer look at this law and examines its previous interpretation critically. Firstly the reproduction and translation of the main part of the decree are given, followed by a historical classification and the actual exegesis. Finally an insight on the historical significance of licet juris is discussed.

Key words

Licet iuris; Emperor Louis IV.; approbation; inauguration.

Christoph Schmetterer: Rechtsvorschriften zur Hausnummerierung in Österreich von 1770 bis heute

This article explores the legal history of house numbering in Austria from the second half of the eighteenth century to the present. Prior to 1930, federal authorities were responsible for the legal regulation of house numbering in Austrian cities and towns, yet subsequently individual states began to pass their own house numbering laws. However, both federal and state laws had to be implemented by the municipalities. The current study therefore provides a historical overview of the rescaling of house numbering law in Austrian, focusing particularly on the case of Vienna.

Key words

Austria; house numbers; addresses; population census; building order; competences.

Tamara Ehs: The Other Austrians

Some observers of the recent economic crisis compare it to the Great Depression of the 1930s and discuss interwar ideas bearing on these questions such as those of “the Austrians”. There is a lively treatment of Ludwig Mises and his pupils but the other Austrian discourse of this time is neglected, that of the three full professors of political economy at the law faculty of the University of Vienna: Othmar Spann, Hans Mayer and Ferdinand Degenfeld-Schonburg – “the Other Austrians”. This paper calls them to mind and gives an insight into their stances on the economic crisis.

"This article is a revised version of a paper presented at EBHA 15th Annual Conference in Athens/Greece, August 2011. Financial support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) for the project P 21280 is gratefully acknowledged. I thank Kevin D. Hoover (Duke University) and Peter Rosner (University of Vienna) for helpful comments on previous versions of this article. Thanks too go to Patricia Haeusler-Greenfield for proof-reading of my translations."

Key words

Austrian School; Economic crisis; Ferdinand Degenfeld-Schonburg; First Republic of Austria; Hans Mayer; Interwar Vienna; Ludwig Mises; Othmar Spann; Political Economy; Law Faculty of the University of Vienna.

Tamás Nótári: Some Remarks on ius vitae ac necis and ius exponendi

A Roman pater familias was entitled to the following positive rights: ius vitae ac necis, ius exponendi, ius vendendi and ius noxae dedendi. What follows is an in-depth analysis of the changes in ius vitae ac necis and ius exponendi. Ius vitae ac necis denotes right of disposal over the life and death of a filius/filia familias, while ius exponendi the right to expose newborn infants. Exposing a child often contained its death or wilful murder; e.g., in case of a deformed child when the aim was to get the family or the community rid of prodigium representing ill luck. Therefore, it seems to be more proper to discuss the rights a father had against newborn infants—no matter if they applied to killing or only exposing the child—as part of ius exponendi since killing or exposing children was several times limited and sanctioned in a single imperial decree. Originally, ius vitae ac necis was sacral and punitive law power. Its sacral character came to the front when killing a deformed child since this right is the component of the father’s power over his newborn infant, and this will be discussed under the heading ius exponendi; its punitive law aspect will become obvious when it is used against an adult child. This paper, first, intends to describe changes in ius vitae ac necis, and dwell on the restrictions and rules of procedure of exercising it (I.). After that, changes in ius exponendi will be followed up, with special regard to the regulation of the legal status of the exposed child (II.).

Key words

Patria potestas; ius vitae ac necis; ius exponendi.

Magdolna Gedeon: Juristische Regelung der Einführung und der Organisation der Zirkusspiele im alten Rom bis zur Prinzipatszeit

In the ancient Roman sources we can find many legal rules relating to the organization of the circus games. In the regal period the king himself initiated and organised the new games in veneration of the gods. The ludi votivi and the ludi publici were established during the Republic. The organization of these games were the duty of the consuls and the aediles.

Key words

Roman law; Circus games; Votum; Votive games; Aediles.

Eszter Cs. Herger: Alimony in Hungarian Family Law in the 19th Century

The system of marital property law was primarily formed by the judicial practice based on traditional customary laws in Hungary in the 19th century. The traditional family model meant on the one hand the personal and property independence of both parties stemming from the full capacity of both parties, on the other hand the position of the husband as the head of the family. This position can explain the fact that temporary and final alimony – although being an institution of property law – was dealt with in the area of the legal effects of marriage on persons in special literature. During marital cohabitation it was the husband’s obligation to provide decent maintenance and cover all expenses incurred in relation to matrimony. Discontinuing marital cohabitation did not terminate this obligation, just as marriage was not terminated by it either. The temporary alimony did not depend on whether the wife was at faulty or not for causing the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage. Before the entry into force of the Matrimonial Causes Act (Act 31 of 1894), denominational laws usually regarded the obligation of the husband to provide alimony to be terminated upon the dissolution of the bond. Contrary to this, the Matrimonial Causes Act created a situation far more favourable for the woman. The intention of the lawmaker was to maintain the non-fault woman’s social and financial status enjoyed during marriage in this way, since “the husband, who caused the dissolution of marriage by his injurious conduct and thus deprived her wife of the financial advantages which she could enjoy in the conjugal life, deserves to be obliged to compensate her for the loss of those advantages.”

Key words

Marriage; marital property law; judicial practice; traditional family model; gender equality; temporary alimony; final alimony; principle of fault; Hungary.

Gábor Schweitzer: Legal Education and Ethos of the Legal Profession in Hungary in the Civil Era

The paper is dealing with several aspects of legal education in Hungary in modern times and also reflects with the image of legal professions in Hungary from the age of enlightenment up to WW I. Legal education was considered to be one of the privileges of the churches before the period of enlightenment. The only university of Hungary, established at 1635 in Nagyszombat (today Trnava), was deeply influenced by the roman catholic church. Later on the significant protestant churches, the Calvinist and the Lutheran also established their so called legal academies. After the educational reform of Maria Theresia in 1777, several so called royal legal academies were also established in Hungary. In the period of dualism, after 1867 there were existing two universities and 10 legal academies in the country. The number of legal professionals among the Hungarian intelligence was traditionally high. The paper would like to answer why legal studies were so popular in that period. Citing memoirs and literary works also describes the changing images of different legal professions.

Key words

Legal education in Hungary; Legal universities in Hungary; Legal academies in Hungary; ethos of legal professions in Hungary; image of lawyers; image of notars.

Norbert Varga: The Codification of the Law of Conflict of Interest (incompatibilitas) in Hungary in the 19th Century

I intend to present in my paper the development of codification of conflict of interest, which is still a very important legal institution of Hungarian parliamentary system. The aim of my study is to discuss the codification procedure of the national assembly. We are dealing with a legal institution that was of outstanding significance for the whole society, since it was through the regulation of conflict of interest situations that the principle of the separation of powers could be implemented in practice. In the course of my project, I will examine the system of incompatibility in the late feudal period, which had an influence on the legislative process in the bourgeois era.

Key words

Conflict of interest; national assembly; status of representatives; history of constitutional law.

Alberto Iglesias Garzón: Reformation of Law Administration in Jean Domat‘s Masterworks

The quest for clarity and legal security in Jean Domat´s legal thought binds his masterwork Les Loix Civiles dans leur Ordre Naturel (1689-1694) to the process of reformation of the judiciary administration in Louis XIV´s France. It is also through this perspective that his legal and philosophical thought reaches the 1804 French civil code. Overcoming medieval jurisprudence and its substitution by sovereign´s law as the main source of legal creation will influence Jean Domat. His great concern about what he thought to be the “false groundings of jurisprudence” came along with his concern about judges not respecting the sovereign´s law. The whole of his legal view is about the increasing absolute power of the king and his means to the unification of law. Aiming to the suppression of the judge´s discretionary legal practice and making him bounded to the sovereign´s law was a certain way to controlling the non-conformist members of the judiciary administration. The main argument for implementing Domat´s view was the (divine) perfection of roman law.

Key words

Jean Domat; Reformation of Justice; Code Civil; Natural law; Positive law.

Magdolna Szűcs: “Creditor rem sibi oppignoratam a debitore emere non potest” (Brev. IP. 2, 12, 6)

In the Lex Romana Visigothorum is present the rule on the prohibition to the pledgee to buy the pledged thing from the debtor. The author analyzing the texts of the Breviary intends to answer the question: why the texts of Pauli Sententiae and the Constantine’s constitution on commissoria rescindenda were interpreted as a prohibition to the creditor to purchase the object of the pledge from the debtor? By the interpretations the new rule was introduced which is contrary to the classical and Justinian’s law. Accepting the opinion that the ius was subordinated to the leges and even harmonized with it in the Breviary, the research embraces also those imperial constitutions which can show the circumstances in which the rule was made. Using both, the dogmatic and historical method, the author’s conclusion is that creditors used sale contract to cover unlawful appropriation of the debtor’s property. This practice and the problems of Vth century were well known to the interpreters and to the people as well, therefore the rule expresses the common understanding.

Key words

Postclassical Roman Law; pledge; lex commissoria; purchase of the pledge; Lex Romana Visigothorum.

Mirela Krešić: Entitlement of Female Descendants to Property of Croatian Communal Household

The paper analyses provisions of the three legal acts on communal households which had regulated the entitlement of female descendants to communal household property. Those are the rights which the female descendants practiced in the course of division of a communal household and inheritance, as well as the right to trousseau or dowry. Furthermore, the social and economic frameworks are explained for the passing and validity of communal household laws, which had marked the second half of the 19th century, and the beginning of the 20th century in the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia. Of particular concern is the status of communal household legislation within Croatian legal system, which was based on the General Civil Code after the abolition of feudalism in 1848.

Key words

Communal household; female descendants; household division; inheritance; trousseau or dowry; the General Civil Code; the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia.

Przemysław Dabrowski: Union of Brest and its Dissolution on the Territories of the Congress Kingdom of Poland, Belarusian and Lithuanian Lands

The conditions of the union of Brest were set on a meeting in Torczyn, on 2 December 1594. Once the union was announced in Rome on 12 June 1595, a synod was convoked to Brest. Two letters were drawn – one to Sigismund III, the other to the pope Clement VIII. Cyryl Terlecki and Hipacy Pociej were appointed as plenipotentiaries to talk with the pope. In a letter to the pope they announced subscribing to the provisions of the Council of Florence of 1439, and asked for preservation of the whole liturgy and Eastern rites. In the letter addressed to the king they appealed for preservation of their old privileges and granting them the privileges enjoyed by the Catholic clergy, but also for defense in case of any interference of the Constantinople patriarchs or church sanctions. This issue was to be finally concluded at the next synod convoked in Brest. The act of union was concluded on 9 October 1596. From the times of Catherine II the Union on was doomed to be annihilated. The Orthodox Church viewed Unites as its brothers, separated from the Tsardom in the 16th century. The policy of Russian authorities was very consistent, with short breaks during the rule of Paul I, Alexander I and at the beginning of Alexander II rule.

Key words

Union of Brest; dissolution; Congress Kingdom of Poland; Belarusian and Lithuanian Lands.

Anna Klimaszewska: General Principles in the Commercial Code of France of 1807

No general part was created in the French Code de commerce of 1807, which was one of the basic objections to this act since its very beginnings. Book I was in fact entitled Of Commerce in General, however, even superficial analysis of its content indicates irrefutably that it contained regulations governing a specific subject matter. The lack of a general part did not mean that codifiers were not guided in the works on the code by any higher principles. On the contrary, while creating or copying given standards from earlier binding acts, they realised a legislative policy which had been adopted in advance, and which, paradoxically, did not aim at creating a liberal background for trade, but at managing the economic crisis with intense state control.

Key words

French Commercial Code; Napoleonic codification; ordinances of Louis XIV; commercial law; maritime law; commercial partnerships; general principles.

Jakub H. Szlachetko: The Geopolitical Thought of Józef Piłsudski and his Political Camp Concerning Central Europe in Comparison to the Achievements of Other Political Centers

The paper focused mainly on the ideas created by Marshall himself or people from his closest circle. It is worth stressing that federalism, the policy of balance of power or colonialism are not the only manifestations of spatial thinking in Piłsudski’s camp’s foreign policy. During the interwar period, the members of various social organizations united in the so–called Zet Movement were very active, and created interesting variants of the ideas outlined in the article. During the Second World War and the People’s Republic of Poland, owing to political reasons, Piłsudski’s camp’s thought on Central Europe did not influence the reality of the time at all. Yet it persisted within certain circles of the anti–communist independence movement until the 21st century, and it is at present, to a smaller or greater extent, implemented by the right–wing political parties.

Key words

Marshall Józef Piłsudski; Second Republic of Poland; geopolitical thought; the idea of federalism; the idea of policy of balance; the colonial idea.

Kamila Kędzierska: The Internal Organization and Supervision as Vital Issues in Post-War County Administration in Poland

In the article the matters of internal organization and supervision issues in post-war county administration in Poland are discussed on the example of Krakow County. In the first part statutes that dealt with the practical matters such as mail circulation, storing and marking the official documents are discussed. Author underlines their importance in relation to functioning of administrative offices. Next the matter of the provisions concerning handling of confidential correspondence such as internal order of the Krakow starosta issued on April 17th 1945 is discussed.

The second part of the article is focused on the supervision and approval of developed documents. Author points out that internal decree number 15 issued on 26th of March 1945 was the first regulation about internal supervision. In this decree matters such as time schedules for delivering of official documents and meetings with starosta were regulated.

Author’s conclusion is that provisions, that today seem natural for administration, were introduced to the newly created administration, which did not exist during the war and occupation, therefore they were crucial for the proper functioning of the county office.

Key words

Administration; history; Krakow County; postwar Poland.

Michaela Uhlířová: Punishments Connected with Person of Offender in Selected Countries of Ancient World

The article deals with sanctions directly connected with the person of offender in the established group of selected ancient states (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Hittite Empire). In this article these sanctions are divided and, furthermore, their impact from personal (humiliation), religious (posthumous life) as well as legal (“legal death”) view is discussed. In particular the legal norms extant in collections of laws (Mesopotamia, Hittite Empire) or court protocols (Egypt) were used as the basic sources for elaboration of this article.

Key words

Hittites; Mesopotamia; Egypt; shame; degradation; personality; designation; outlaw; society; law; punishment.

Magda Schusterová: Präambel im Fokus –Anmerkungen zum Vorspruch des Podiebradschen Friedensvertrages

The preambles are generally considered to constitute an introductory or even poetical part of a legal text. The promulgation of the document is announced in the preamble and the reason for its promulgation. However a closer examination reveals that their content could be far reaching. Namely the preamble of the peace treaty of the Bohemian King George of Podebrady (1458-1471) reflects interesting philological and juridical aspects of the medieval times, in that it mentions the general peace mission of the princes and their natural commitment to defend the Christian faith. We also find therein citations from the Holy Bible, from the Codex Iustinianus or a partially copied imperial writing of Frederick III. However the Bohemian text does not go beyond the tradition of the late medieval preambles in form and content- peace making among European princes in order to fight enemies of Christianity was one of the common topos at this time.

Key words

Preamble; Peace; Treaty; Christian faith; George of Podebrady; Bohemia.

Bohumil Poláček: A Brief History of River Navigation in Bohemia up to the 19th Century – Part 1

According to archaeological findings in the Elbe river bed alluvium, navigation of rivers existed in the area of Bohemia already in the middle Stone Age (i.e. 6,000 to 4,000 years ago). The first written reports on the navigation along the Elbe preserved in the chronicles relate to the time when the armies of Charles the Great conquered the Elbe Serbs and Bodrces. Around the year 805, Charles the Great forbade its traders to export arms and equipment to Bohemia and the same year some of his troops were sent into the battle on the boats upstream the Elbe to Magdeburg, where they clashed with the Elbe Slavs. Duty as a fee for the use of waterways belonging to the sovereign was introduced in Bohemia according to the Magdeburg example sometime around the 60s of the 10th century. For the college of priests gathered in the church centre of the Litoměřice Castle, the Prince Spytihněv II founded the chapter with the Church of St. Stephen around the year 1057. With the founding charter, which is the oldest in our country and preserved in the original, the prince donated many of his revenues, among others the revenues from the Ústí and Litoměřice water shipping duties. With the gradual centralization of state administration and the growth of royal power it became possible to disrupt the Litoměřice trade monopoly on the Elbe, when with the decree issued by the King Přemyslid Otakar II on November 25, 1274  the town of Mělník  received the right to conduct shipping on Elbe. The trade in Roudnice  started to flourish from the second half of the 14th century. It was an old settlement of the Prague bishops, which was promoted to the town before the year 1279. Apart from towns, there were also several boats owned by monasteries and nobility which contributed to shipping and trade on the Elbe. In 1226 the Premonstratensian church in Doksany  was given the duty-free privilege to bring one boat with salt from Serbia and one boat to export domestic products. In 1340, while he was only the Margrave, Charles IV gave the Prague reeves and councilors a privilege to choose eight sworn millers. The sworn millers eventually become the highest authority on the water in Bohemia and also oversaw the construction on rivers and their navigability, etc. In doubtful cases, they published their final opinions as “the sworn miller court”, a special arbitration tribunal, which had the responsibility of deciding water management disputes.

Key words

Elbe river; waterway; navigation; water shipping duties; the sworn miller court.

Lucie Bendová Bednářová: The Crime of the „Forced Abortion“ before the Regional Court in Olomouc in the Second Half of the Eighties and in the First Half of the Nineties of the Nineteenth Century

In this article I go in for the second half of the eighties and the first half of the nineties of the nineteenth century. I focus on the characterics of women who committed (or attempted to commit) the crime of the “Forced Abortion”, but also on the characteristic of men who often urged their partners to get the “Forced Abortion” carried out and also of persons who performed the illegal abortions, whether they were physicians, midwifes or persons without medical education. The specific criminal cases of the Regional Court in Olomouc identify the causes of crime, methods of its implementation (mechanical or chemical means used), the way of decision making of the court on the mitigating and aggravating circumstances, guilt and punishment and also the attitude of the Prosecutor's Office in Olomouc and advocates towards the accused and the crime. In the end I present pertinent conclusions and I try to compare two periods - the second half of the eighties and the first half of the nineties of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century.

Key words

The crime of the “Forced Abortion”; the Criminal Code of 1852; the Regional Court in Olomouc; woman as a perpetrator; the second half of the eighties and the first half of the nineties of the nineteenth century.

Katarína Fedorová: Justices of the Peace in the Judicial Reform of Tsar Alexander II.

The article deals with the creation, organization and action of the justices of the peace, established by the judicial reform of the Russian tsar Alexander II. Justices of the peace adjudged minor criminal and civil legal disputes between citizens in proceedings specifically modified for the conciliation with the fundamental acts of the judicial reform of 1864: the Court Establishment Act, the Criminal Process Act, the Civil Process Act and the Law establishing penalties, imposed by the conciliation courts. Despite the undoubted successes in deciding legal cases, hostility of the executive power led in 1889 to abolition of the justices of the peace.

Key words

Russia; Judicial Reform; Alexander II.

Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs. Thomas Olechowski, Christoph Schmetterer (Hrg.), Band 1/2011: Testamente aus der Habsburgermonarchie: Alltagskultur, Recht, Überlieferung

Anti-Semitic Legislation in Slovakia and in Europe (Report from a Conference)

200 Years of ABGB – from the Codification to the Recodification of Czech Civil Law, 2nd – 3rd June 2011

Konferenz „Die Entwicklung des Privatrechts auf dem Gebiet der Tschechischen Republik“

Conference of Doctoral Students from the Department of the History of the State and Law at the Faculty of Law, Masaryk University, Dated 30th June, 2011

Viva Voce Examination Report

Zoltán Végh: Römisches Recht und Nationalsozialismus. Gedanken zur Universalität des Römischen Rechtes.

Die NS-Doktrin begegnet dem Römischen Recht von zwei Positionen aus: die Dominanz des völkischen Gedankens und die Verwirklichung des „altgermanischen“ Grundsatzes ‚Gemeinwohl geht vor Eigennutz“. Daher wird schon zum letzteren im Parteiprogramm von 1920 die „materialistische Weltordnung“ des römischen Rechtes verworfen. Zum ersteren wird alles abgelehnt, was die Grenzen des völkischen Rechtes und der Gemeinschaft sprengen könnte. Daher sind ius gentium und ius naturale und die aus ihnen ableitbaren Grundsätze allgemein anerkannter Normen und menschlicher überregionaler Grundrechte entschieden abzulehnen. Mit einiger Gehirnakrobatik gelingt es H.-H. Dietze, ein neues „Völkisches Naturrecht“ zu erfinden. – Einige Absätze widmen sich den Problemen, denen die Lehre des RR in der NS-Zeit begegnete.

Keywords

Naturrecht; NSDAP u. Römisches Recht; Parteiprogramm NSDAP; Gemeinwohl u. Röm. Recht; Röm. Recht und Rassismus.

Thomas Gergen: Anfänge und Entwicklung des Copyright-Systems in England und den USA

Ausgehend von den beiden unterschiedlichen Systemen des Urheberrechtsschutzes, d.h. das des droit d’auteur und das des Copyright, untersucht der Beitrag die Anfänge und Entwicklungen des Copyrights in England und in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika bis in die Gegenwart.

Der Schutz begann im 16. Jahrhundert in England mit der Verleihung des Rechts an die „Company of Stationers“ (Buchhändlergilde), die ein Bücherregister (Bücherrolle) führen durfte. 1709/10 folgte mit der „Statute of Anne“ das erste Urheberrechtsgesetz in England, das erste der USA war der „Copyright Act“ von 1790. Im Jahre 1998 verlängerte der amerikanische Gesetzgeber die Schutzfrist für die Mickey Mouse mit einem eigenen Gesetz um 20 Jahre; die Frist läuft also 2018 aus.

Keywords

Urheberschutz; Copyright; England; die USA.

Christoph Schmetterer: Die Rechtsstellung der Mitglieder des österreichischen Kaiserhauses von 1839 bis 1918

Die Mitglieder des Kaiserhauses waren österreichische Staatsbürger mit zahlreichen Privilegien. Sie waren strafrechtlich besonders geschützt. Privatrechtlich unterstanden sie der Hausgewalt des Kaisers, dessen Genehmigung sie für Eheschließungen, Adoptionen und letztwillige Verfügungen benötigten. Im Zivilverfahren hatten die Mitglieder des Kaiserhauses einen eigenen Gerichtsstand vor dem Obersthofmarschallamt.

Der Aufsatz beschreibt die Rechtsstellung der Mitglieder des österreichischen Kaiserhauses anhand des habsburgischen Familienstatuts, der entsprechenden Gesetzesbestimmungen und der zeitgenössischen juristischen Literatur. Außerdem werden konkrete Beispiele für die Anwendung der rechtlichen Regelungen gegeben.

Keywords

Kaiserhaus; Erzhaus; Erzherzog; Erzherzogin; Familienstatut; Privatfürstenrecht.

Barna Mezey: Rechtsgeschichte an der Juristischen Fakultät in Budapest

Man könnte glauben, dass die Entfaltung der Lehre und der wissenschaftlichen Erfassung der Rechtsgeschichte gleichzeitig vor sich gingen. In der Wirklichkeit ist aber schon die Festlegung der Grenzlinie problematisch: Wann begann wohl die Lehre der Rechtsgeschichte an der Juristischen Fakultät der Königlichen Ungarischen Universität? Bis zur bürgerlichen Umwälzung 1848 ist nämlich das Fach als selbstständiges Studium in der Ausbildung nicht präsent. Aber als Teil des auf dem Gewohnheitsrecht basierenden so genannten einheimischen Rechts ist die ganze Rechtsgeschichte, von den Gesetzen Stephans des Heiligen bis zum Habsburgischen Patentrecht, vom landesweiten und örtlichen Gewohnheitsrecht bis zu den Traditionen der Gesetzgebung, im Lehrstoff vorzufinden. Die namhaften Lehrenden des ungarischen Rechts, die auch Lehrbücher veröffentlicht haben (so z. B.  Imre Kelemen, Mátyás Vuchetich, Pál Szlemenics), lehnen sich stark an das traditionelle Recht an. Das Privatrecht ist sogar ein Geschichtsfach (Andor Csizmadia), während das Strafrecht angesichts der Kodifizierungsbewegungen gerade dabei ist, die Bande der ständischen Geschichtlichkeit loszuwerden.

Deshalb ist es vielleicht richtig, wenn wir anders formulieren und die Anfänge dort vermuten, wo wir mit historischer Analyse (und mit historischem Unterricht) zu tun haben, die sich auf die Rechtsentwicklung konzentriert, ausgesprochen historische Gesichtspunkte in den Mittelpunkt stellt und sich den Sachen kritisch und rechtsgeschichtlich nähert.

Keywords

Rechtsgeschichte; Ungarn; Budapest.

Kamila Staudigl-Ciechowicz: Zur Entstehung der Wiener Kriminologie und Kriminalistik in der 1. Republik

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Kriminalistik und Kriminologie in Österreich mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Wien in der Zwischenkriegszeit. Ausgehend von weitgehend ungedrucktem Quellenmaterial wird die Gründung des Universitätsinstitutes für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft und Kriminalistik beschrieben und im Hinblick auf die beteiligten Personen und Lehrinhalte beleuchtet. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdient dabei Wenzel Gleispach als Gründer des Instituts sowie die wissenschaftlichen MitarbeiterInnen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird der Frage nach der Öffnung der juridischen Fakultät für Frauen als Arbeitnehmerinnen nachgegangen. So stellte dieses Institut als erste Einrichtung der rechts- und staatswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Frauen als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterinnen an. Abschließend wird das Verhältnis zum Kriminalistischen Institut der Polizeidirektion Wien erläutert.

Keywords

Wenzel Gleispach; Strafrecht; Zwischenkriegszeit; Kriminologie; Kriminalistik; Wiener Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät; Hubert Streicher; Wiener Bundespolizeidirektion; Siegfried Türkel; Kriminalbiologie; Hans Gross; Franz von Liszt.

Claudia Lydorf: Accursius, Bartolus und Baldus und die Auswirkungen ihrer Lehren auf das Privatrecht am Beispiel der Lex Aquilia

Der moderne Jurist kommt wieder verstärkt mit alten europäischen Rechtsinstituten in Kontakt, die in Europa als „ausgestorben“ bezeichnet werden können, während sie in außereuropäischen Rechtsordnungen in ähnlich Ausprägung weiterhin existieren und  im Wege der Globalisierung, ihren Weg zurück nach Europa finden. Das stellt die Rechtswissenschaft vor die Aufgabe, die sich aus den verschiedensten Gesetzen speisenden Rechtspositionen in Einklang zu bringen. Vor diesem Hintergrund lohnt es sich, sich in Erinnerung zu rufen, dass die Schaffung des Internationalen Privatrechts sowie die Harmonisierung des europäischen Zivilrechts auf eine lange Tradition zurückblicken können. So war es bereits im 12. Jahrhundert in Bologna erfolgreich gelungen, das von Justinian geschaffenen Corpus iuris civilis wiederzubeleben und somit ein einheitliches, europaweit Geltung beanspruchendes Gesetzeswerk für das Zivilrecht zur Verfügung zu stellen.  Die personellen, institutionellen und methodischen Ursprünge der europäischen Rechtswissenschaft sollen im Folgenden Beitrag vorgestellt werden. Darüber hinaus werden am Beispiel der Lex Aquilia einige, in dieser Ursprungszeit entwickelten Rechtsgedanken aufgezeigt werden, deren Wirkung sich bis in die Neuzeit feststellen lässt.

Keywords

Accursius; Bartolus; Baldus, Glossatoren; Kommentatoren; Lex Aquilia; Bologna; Perugia; Glossatorenschule; Kommentatorenschule; Privatrecht; Corpus iuris civilis; Glossa ordinaria; justinianische Kodifikation; Glossierung; damnum; lucrum; Digesten; Interesse  extra rem; Schadensersatz; Deliktsrecht.

Pál Sáry: Der auf die Bibel abgelegte Eid im justinianischen Recht

Die heidnischen Römer maßen, ähnlich wie andere Völker der Antike, dem Eid eine große Bedeutung bei. Diese wichtige Rolle der Eidablegung blieb auch nach dem Sieg des Christentums, sowohl im privaten als auch im öffentlichen Bereich, bestehen. Der Akt des Eides erhielt nun einen christlichen Inhalt, der in der Anwendung der Bibel seinen formalen Ausdruck fand. Die Konstitutionen von Kaiser Justinian liefern viele Hinweise auf die Anwendung des auf die Bibel abgelegten Eides. Aus diesen Erlassen geht klar hervor, dass dieser symbolische Rechtsakt, der trotz seiner christlichen Form, in vielerlei Hinsicht weiterhin Ähnlichkeit zu den alten heidnischen Eidesformeln aufwies, breite Anwendung fand.

Keywords

Römisches Recht; justinianisches Recht; Eid; Bibel.

Karel Schelle: Die Rechtsregelung der Schadenshaftpflichtversicherung im ABGB

Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit der Analyse der Rechtsregelung der Schadenshaftpflichtversicherung in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. und am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in der österreichich-ungarischen Monarchie. Einer gründlichen Analyse werden die betreffenden Bestimmungen des Allgemeinen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches von 1811, die Versicherungsregulative und der Vorbereitungsprozess der Verabschiedung des Gesetzes über den Versicherungsvertrag unterzogen.

Keywords

Versicherungswesens; Schadenshaftpflichtversicherung; Gesetz über den Versicherungsvertrag; Versicherungsregulativ; ABGB.

Jaromír Tauchen: Die Grundcharakteristik des Privatrechts im Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren

Der Zweck dieses Beitrags besteht in der Analyse der Grundänderungen, zu denen es im Bereich des Privatrechts nach der Errichtung des Protektorats Böhmen und Mähren gekommen ist. Das Privatrecht in Protektorat stellt ein sehr umfangreiches und trotz seine häufigen Änderungen und Eingriffe ein sehr unübersichtliches Gebiet dar, deswegen sind hier nur die wichtigsten Momente erwähnt, damit sich der Leser einen Grundeinblick in diese Problematik verschaffen könnte.

Keywords

Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren; Nationalsozialismus; Privatrecht; NS-Ideologie.

Dmitry Poldnikov: Dogma and Legal History in Russian Science of Civil Law

The paper presents the analysis of correlation between the legal dogma and legal history as it was reflected in the theoretical publications of several renowned Russian Private Law scholars throughout the 20th century. The author states that historical argument may, and should, perform the explanatory and corrective functions in relation to legal dogma, but de facto it serves as an ornament in Russian Private Law studies. The author traces the causes of this discrepancy between the desired and actual state of the legal discipline by examining colloquial, philosophical and legal meanings of “dogma” in Russia; European ancient and medieval origins of the legal dogma; and its link with the modern Roman law. The author argues in favour of a more active usage of Legal History in order to correct the inherent drawbacks of dogmatic approach to legal research.

Keywords

Dogma; legal history; medieval ius commune; Russian legal science; Roman law; Pandectists; civil law theory; argument; methodology; legal terminology.

John E. Fahey: The Secret Poison Plot Adolf Hofrichter and the Austro-Hungarian General Staff

The Austro-Hungarian Empire's military justice system, like much in the Empire, adapted slowly to changing times.  First Lieutenant Adolf Hofrichter's 1909 poisoning of a member of the Army's General Staff, and his subsiquent investigation and trial, illustrate the weaknesses of the Austro-Hungarian court marshal system and its' perception in broader society.  The Viennese press's suggestions and complaints about Hofrichter's court marshal, show the need for adaptation and change.  The press also illustrate the role of the military within the broader criminal justice system of the fin-de-siecle Austro-Hungarian Empire. 

Keywords

Austro-Hungarian Empire; military justice; court marshal; murder; poison.

István Stipta: The Main Tendencies of Hungarian Legal Historiography in the 20th Century and its Present Situation

The essay analyses first the Hungarian legal historiography in the 20th century. It gives the list of scientific schools of the Horthy era and its most important representatives. In addition, the essay examines the intellectual impacts that shaped the contemporary science of Hungarian legal history. After then, the paper deals with the so called socialist science appearing after World War II. The essay refers to the ideological subjection (determination) of the science and the battle of the old and new approach. The chapter that introduces the present situation of the science of legal history displays the research centers of legal history reawakening from the 1970’s. The paper also reviews the process of development of the education and research centers in the provinces. It also introduces the procedure of how the science of history and legal history approached each other.  The author endeavors to name each important scholar and to refer to the most remarkable works written by those.

Keywords

Legal historiography; constitutional and legal history of Hungary; education of legal history; constitutional-historical research centers; legal academies; historical and legal scientists.

Norbert Varga: The Private Law Elements of Citizenship Law in the 19th Century

The bourgeois transformation created the conditions subsequent to which the demand for statutory regulation of Hungarian citizenship could emerge. The codification of citizenship law was helped by the appearance of the idea of sovereignty and of the principle of equality before the law. The development of a bourgeois state organisation striving to rid itself from the vestiges of feudalism made the reform of citizenship law, as one of the elements of state sovereignty, unavoidable. The bourgeois transformation played a major role not only in the extension of the principle of equality before the law, but also in changing the meaning and the content of the concept of citizenship. Citizenship was an expression of the legal relationship existing under public law between a state and its citizen. In the public law of feudalism, this concept did not exist. As a result of this process, citizenship law also became a part of public law in Hungary (act L of 1879), despite the fact that certain elements of private law continued to play a role in case of both the acquisition and the loss of citizenship.

Keywords

Citizenship; public law; Hungarian constitutional history; legitimization; naturalization; marriage; concept of citizenship;loss of citizenship; private law; foreign citizens; family law; illegitimate child.

Balázs Pálvölgyi: Ethnic Questions in the Hungarian Migration Policy until 1914 – Forming the Main Lines of a State-Backed Action Concerning the Migrants in the United States

In the second half of the 19th century, when the mass-migration flow started from Hungary mainly to the United States and to other American destinations, the Hungarian government slowly revealed the complexity of this social phenomenon. In the early years of the Hungarian migration, it was the economic and military question, which gave a push to the governmental steps in a higher level, and from the end of the 19th century, it was the ethnic problem, which made the Hungarian policy ambiguous.

Keywords

Migration; Austria-Hungary; United States; ethnic questions; secret governmental action.

Kamila Kędzierska: Local Administration in the Years 1944 –1950 – Overview and Selected Problems Based on the Example of Krakow County

This article includes the overview of political system and functioning of the local administration in Poland in the years 1944-1950, as well as the problems of clerical (officials) law after World War II. On the background of these general statements the article shows selected issues concerning the activity of Krakow County, dealing in the vast majority with the employed officials. In accordance with the above scheme, the article is divided into three equivalent parts.

Keywords

Krakow; Poland; local administration.

Zdeněk Koudelka: The Arms of Moravia and Silesia

Moravia and Silesia are historical lands which nowadays create the eastern part of the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, the major part of Silesia belongs to contemporary Poland, a smaller part belongs to Saxony. Moravia as a margraviate and Silesia as a duchy belonged as integral parts to the Holy Roman Empire and were feudally dependent on the Czech king, later on the Habsburg and Prussian state. Their historical lines projected in that aspect that their coats of arms exist in two versions.  

Keywords

Moravia; Silesia; arms.

Alexander K. Schmidt: Erfinderprinzip und Erfinderpersönlichkeitsrecht im deutschen Patentrecht von 1877 bis 1936

Gábor Hamza: Entstehung und Entwicklung der modernen Privatrechtsordnungen und die römischrechtliche Tradition

Internationales Kolloquium: „Kodifikationsgenesis des Privatrechts und ihr Gedankenhintergrund“

Viva Voce Examination Report